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| H | |
|---|---|
| H h | |
| (Run across beneath) | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing system | Latin script |
| Type | Alphabetic |
| Language of origin | Latin language |
| Phonetic usage | [h] [x] [ħ] [0̸] [ɦ] [ɥ] [ʜ] [ʔ] [◌ʰ] [ç] |
| Unicode codepoint | U+0048, U+0068 |
| Alphabetical position | eight |
| History | |
| Development |
|
| Time period | ~-700 to present |
| Descendants | Ħ Ƕ Ⱶ Һ ʰ h ħ |
| Sisters | И Һ Ԧ ח ح ܚ ࠄ ࠇ 𐎅 𐎈 Հ հ |
| Variations | (See below) |
| Other | |
| Other messages commonly used with | h(x), ch, gh, nh, ph, sh, ſh, th, wh, (10)h |
H, or h, is the eighth letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its name in English is aitch (pronounced , plural aitches), or regionally haitch .[1]
History
| Egyptian hieroglyph debate | Proto-Sinaitic ḥaṣr | Phoenician Heth | Greek Heta | Etruscan H | Latin H |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |  |  |     | |  |
The original Semitic alphabetic character Heth most likely represented the voiceless pharyngeal fricative (ħ). The form of the letter probably stood for a fence or posts.
The Greek Eta 'Η' in archaic Greek alphabets, before coming to represent a long vowel, /ɛː/, still represented a like audio, the voiceless glottal fricative /h/. In this context, the letter eta is also known every bit Heta to underline this fact. Thus, in the Old Italic alphabets, the letter Heta of the Euboean alphabet was adopted with its original sound value /h/.
While Etruscan and Latin had /h/ as a phoneme, near all Romance languages lost the sound—Romanaian later re-borrowed the /h/ phoneme from its neighbouring Slavic languages, and Spanish developed a secondary /h/ from /f/, before losing information technology again; various Spanish dialects have adult [h] as an allophone of /south/ or /x/ in most Spanish-speaking countries, and various dialects of Portuguese use it as an allophone of /ʀ/. 'H' is as well used in many spelling systems in digraphs and trigraphs, such as 'ch', which represents /tʃ/ in Spanish, Galician, Former Portuguese, and English; /ʃ/ in French and modern Portuguese; /k/ in Italian, French, and English; /ten/ in German, Czech, Shine, Slovak, i native word of English, and a few loanwords into English; and /ç/ in German.
Proper noun in English
For most English speakers, the name for the letter is pronounced as and spelled "aitch"[1] or occasionally "eitch". The pronunciation and the associated spelling "haitch" is oft considered to be h-adding and is considered nonstandard in England.[two] Information technology is, yet, a feature of Hiberno-English,[3] too every bit scattered varieties of Edinburgh, England, and Welsh English language,[4] and in Commonwealth of australia and Nova Scotia.
The perceived name of the letter affects the choice of indefinite commodity before initialisms kickoff with H: for case "an H-bomb" or "a H-bomb". The pronunciation /heɪtʃ/ may be a hypercorrection formed past analogy with the names of the other letters of the alphabet, most of which include the sound they correspond.[5]
The haitch pronunciation of h has spread in England, being used by approximately 24% of English people built-in since 1982,[6] and polls keep to bear witness this pronunciation condign more common amid younger native speakers. Despite this increasing number, the pronunciation without the /h/ sound is withal considered to be standard in England, although the pronunciation with /h/ is also attested as a legitimate variant.[two]
Authorities disagree about the history of the letter'south name. The Oxford English language Lexicon says the original name of the letter was [ˈaha] in Latin; this became [ˈaka] in Vulgar Latin, passed into English language via Old French [atʃ], and by Middle English language was pronounced [aːtʃ]. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English derives it from French hache from Latin haca or hic. Anatoly Liberman suggests a conflation of two obsolete orderings of the alphabet, 1 with H immediately followed by K and the other without any Thou: reciting the quondam's ..., H, Grand, L,... equally [...(h)a ka el ...] when reinterpreted for the latter ..., H, 50,... would imply a pronunciation [(h)a ka] for H.[7]
Use in writing systems
English
In English, ⟨h⟩ occurs as a unmarried-letter of the alphabet grapheme (being either silent or representing the voiceless glottal fricative () and in various digraphs, such as ⟨ch⟩ , , , or ), ⟨gh⟩ (silent, /ɡ/, /grand/, /p/, or /f/), ⟨ph⟩ (/f/), ⟨rh⟩ (/r/), ⟨sh⟩ (), ⟨th⟩ ( or ), ⟨wh⟩ (/hw/ [viii]). The alphabetic character is silent in a syllable rime, equally in ah, ohm, dahlia, cheetah, pooh-poohed, every bit well equally in certain other words (generally of French origin) such as hour, honest, herb (in American but not British English) and vehicle (in certain varieties of English). Initial /h/ is oft not pronounced in the weak form of some office words including had, has, take, he, her, him, his, and in some varieties of English (including virtually regional dialects of England and Wales) it is often omitted in all words (run into '⟨h⟩'-dropping). It was formerly common for an rather than a to be used as the indefinite commodity earlier a discussion beginning with /h/ in an unstressed syllable, equally in "an historian", but apply of a is now more usual (see English articles § Indefinite commodity). In English language, The pronunciation of ⟨h⟩ as /h/ tin be analyzed as a voiceless vowel. That is, when the phoneme /h/ precedes a vowel, /h/ may exist realized as a voiceless version of the subsequent vowel. For case the word ⟨striking⟩, /hɪt/ is realized as [ɪ̥ɪt].[nine] H is the 8th most ofttimes used letter in the English linguistic communication (after S, N, I, O, A, T, and E), with a frequency of virtually 4.2% in words.[ commendation needed ] When h is placed after sure other consonants, it modifies their pronunciation in various means, e.g. for ch, gh, ph, sh, and th.
Other languages
In the High german language, the name of the letter is pronounced /haː/. Following a vowel, information technology often silently indicates that the vowel is long: In the word erhöhen ('heighten'), the second ⟨h⟩ is mute for well-nigh speakers outside of Switzerland. In 1901, a spelling reform eliminated the silent ⟨h⟩ in nearly all instances of ⟨th⟩ in native German words such as thun ('to practise') or Thür ('door'). It has been left unchanged in words derived from Greek, such as Theater ('theater') and Thron ('throne'), which keep to exist spelled with ⟨thursday⟩ fifty-fifty after the last German spelling reform.
In Castilian and Portuguese, ⟨h⟩ (" hache " in Castilian, pronounced ['atʃe], or agá in Portuguese, pronounced [aˈɣa] or [ɐˈɡa]) is a silent letter with no pronunciation, every bit in hijo [ˈixo] ('son') and húngaro [ˈũɡaɾu] ('Hungarian'). The spelling reflects an earlier pronunciation of the audio /h/. In words where the ⟨h⟩ is derived from a Latin /f/, it is still sometimes pronounced with the value [h] in some regions of Andalusia, Extremadura, Canarias, Cantabria, and the Americas. Some words showtime with [je] or [we], such as hielo , 'ice' and huevo , 'egg', were given an initial ⟨h⟩ to avoid confusion betwixt their initial semivowels and the consonants ⟨j⟩ and ⟨five⟩. This is because ⟨j⟩ and ⟨5⟩ used to be considered variants of ⟨i⟩ and ⟨u⟩ respectively. ⟨h⟩ likewise appears in the digraph ⟨ch⟩, which represents /tʃ/ in Spanish and northern Portugal, and /ʃ/ in varieties that accept merged both sounds (the latter originally represented by ⟨x⟩ instead), such as most of the Portuguese linguistic communication and some Castilian dialects, prominently Chilean Spanish.
In French, the name of the letter is written every bit "anguish" and pronounced /aʃ/. The French orthography classifies words that begin with this letter in 2 ways, i of which can bear on the pronunciation, even though it is a silent letter either manner. The H muet, or "mute" ⟨h⟩, is considered every bit though the letter were not in that location at all, so for example the singular definite commodity le or la, which is elided to 50' earlier a vowel, elides before an H muet followed by a vowel. For example, le + hébergement becomes l'hébergement ('the accommodation'). The other kind of ⟨h⟩ is called h aspiré ("aspirated '⟨h⟩'", though information technology is non usually aspirated phonetically), and does not permit elision or liaison. For example in le homard ('the lobster') the article le remains unelided, and may exist separated from the noun with a chip of a glottal stop. Most words that begin with an H muet come from Latin (honneur, homme) or from Greek through Latin (hécatombe), whereas most words commencement with an H aspiré come from Germanic (harpe, hareng) or not-Indo-European languages (harem, hamac, haricot); in some cases, an orthographic ⟨h⟩ was added to disambiguate the [5] and semivowel [ɥ] pronunciations before the introduction of the distinction betwixt the letters ⟨v⟩ and ⟨u⟩: huit (from uit, ultimately from Latin octo), huître (from uistre, ultimately from Greek through Latin ostrea).
In Italian, ⟨h⟩ has no phonological value. Its most important uses are in the digraphs 'ch' /1000/ and 'gh' /ɡ/, as well as to differentiate the spellings of sure short words that are homophones, for example some present tense forms of the verb avere ('to have') (such as hanno, 'they have', vs. anno, 'year'), and in short interjections (oh, ehi).
Some languages, including Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian apply ⟨h⟩ as a blatant voiced glottal fricative [ɦ], often equally an allophone of otherwise voiceless /h/ in a voiced environment.
In Hungarian, the letter has no fewer than five pronunciations, with iii additional uses as a productive and non-productive element of digraphs. The letter h may stand for /h/ as in the proper noun of the Székely boondocks Hargita; intervocalically it represents /ɦ/ equally in tehén; it represents /x/ in the give-and-take doh; it represents /ç/ in ihlet; and it is silent in cseh. As part of a digraph, it represents, in archaic spelling, /t͡ʃ/ with the letter c as in the proper name Széchenyi; it represents, again, with the alphabetic character c, /x/ in pech (which is pronounced [pɛxː]); in certain environments it breaks palatalization of a consonant, as in the name Beöthy which is pronounced [bøːti] (without the intervening h, the name Beöty could be pronounced [bøːc]); and finally, it acts as a silent component of a digraph, equally in the proper noun Vargha, pronounced [vɒrgɒ].
In Ukrainian and Belarusian, when written in the Latin alphabet, ⟨h⟩ is also commonly used for /ɦ/, which is otherwise written with the Cyrillic alphabetic character ⟨г⟩.
In Irish, ⟨h⟩ is non considered an contained letter, except for a very few non-native words, however ⟨h⟩ placed afterward a consonant is known as a "séimhiú" and indicates lenition of that consonant; ⟨h⟩ began to supercede the original form of a séimhiú, a dot placed in a higher place the consonant, after the introduction of typewriters.
In well-nigh dialects of Polish, both ⟨h⟩ and the digraph ⟨ch⟩ ever correspond /ten/.
In Basque, during the 20th century it was non used in the orthography of the Basque dialects in Kingdom of spain but it marked an aspiration in the North-Eastern dialects. During the standardization of Basque in the 1970s, the compromise was reached that h would exist accustomed if information technology were the first consonant in a syllable. Hence, herri ("people") and etorri ("to come") were accepted instead of erri (Biscayan) and ethorri (Souletin). Speakers could pronounce the h or not. For the dialects lacking the aspiration, this meant a complication added to the standardized spelling.
Other systems
As a phonetic symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), it is used mainly for the then-called aspirations (fricative or trills), and variations of the patently letter are used to stand for two sounds: the lowercase form ⟨h⟩ represents the voiceless glottal fricative, and the small capital class ⟨ʜ⟩ represents the voiceless epiglottal fricative (or trill). With a bar, minuscule ⟨ħ⟩ is used for a voiceless pharyngeal fricative. Specific to the IPA, a hooked ⟨ɦ⟩ is used for a voiced glottal fricative, and a superscript ⟨ʰ⟩ is used to stand for aspiration.
- H with diacritics: Ĥ ĥ Ȟ ȟ Ħ ħ Ḩ ḩ Ⱨ ⱨ ẖ ẖ Ḥ ḥ Ḣ ḣ Ḧ ḧ Ḫ ḫ ꞕ Ꜧ ꜧ
- IPA-specific symbols related to H: ʜ ꟸ ɦ ʰ ʱ ɥ ᶣ [10]
- ᴴ : Modifier alphabetic character H is used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[xi]
- ₕ : Subscript small h was used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet prior to its formal standardization in 1902[12]
- ʰ : Modifier letter small h is used in Indo-European studies[13]
- ʮ and ʯ : Turned H with fishhook and turned H with fishhook and tail are used in Sino-Tibetanist linguistics[14]
- Ƕ ƕ : Latin letter hwair, derived from a ligature of the digraph hv, and used to transliterate the Gothic letter 𐍈 (which represented the sound [hʷ])
- Ⱶ ⱶ : Claudian letters[15]
- Ꟶ ꟶ : Reversed half h used in Roman inscriptions from the Roman provinces of Gaul[16]
Ancestors, siblings, and descendants in other alphabets
- 𐤇 : Semitic alphabetic character Heth, from which the following symbols derive
- Η η : Greek letter Eta, from which the following symbols derive
- 𐌇 : Old Italic H, the ancestor of modern Latin H
- ᚺ, ᚻ : Runic letter of the alphabet haglaz, which is probably a descendant of Old Italic H
- Һ һ : Cyrillic letter Shha, which derives from Latin H
- 𐌷 : Gothic letter haal
- 𐌇 : Old Italic H, the ancestor of modern Latin H
- Η η : Greek letter Eta, from which the following symbols derive
Derived signs, symbols, and abbreviations
- h : Planck abiding
- ℏ : reduced Planck constant
- : Blackboard bold capital H used in quaternion notation
Computing codes
| Preview | H | h | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN Capital letter H | LATIN SMALL Letter H | ||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 72 | U+0048 | 104 | U+0068 |
| UTF-viii | 72 | 48 | 104 | 68 |
| Numeric character reference | H | H | h | h |
| EBCDIC family unit | 200 | C8 | 136 | 88 |
| ASCII 1 | 72 | 48 | 104 | 68 |
i and all encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859, and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other representations
See also
- American Sign Language grammer
- List of Egyptian hieroglyphs#H
References
- ^ a b "H" Oxford English language Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Entire (1993); "aitch" or "haitch", op. cit.
- ^ a b "'Haitch' or 'aitch'? How do yous pronounce 'H'?". BBC News . Retrieved 3 September 2016.
- ^ Dolan, T. P. (1 January 2004). A Dictionary of Hiberno-English language: The Irish Use of English language. Gill & Macmillan Ltd. ISBN9780717135356 . Retrieved 3 September 2016 – via Google Books.
- ^ Vaux, Bert. The Cambridge Online Survey of World Englishes. University of Cambridge.
- ^ Todd, L. & Hancock I.: "International English Ipod", folio 254. Routledge, 1990.
- ^ John C. Wells, Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, page 360, Pearson, Harlow, 2008
- ^ Liberman, Anatoly (7 August 2013). "Alphabet soup, part two: H and Y". Oxford Etymologist. Oxford University Press. Retrieved iii October 2013.
- ^ In many dialects, /hw/ and /due west/ have merged
- ^ "phonology - Why is /h/ chosen voiceless vowel phonetically, and /h/ consonant phonologically?". Linguistics Stack Exchange . Retrieved 5 May 2019.
- ^ Constable, Peter (19 April 2004). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).
- ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (20 March 2002). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF).
- ^ Ruppel, Klaas; Aalto, Tero; Everson, Michael (27 January 2009). "L2/09-028: Proposal to encode additional characters for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF).
- ^ Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (7 June 2004). "L2/04-191: Proposal to encode six Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF).
- ^ Melt, Richard; Everson, Michael (twenty September 2001). "L2/01-347: Proposal to add vi phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).
- ^ Everson, Michael (12 Baronial 2005). "L2/05-193R2: Proposal to add Claudian Latin letters to the UCS" (PDF).
- ^ W, Andrew; Everson, Michael (25 March 2019). "L2/19-092: Proposal to encode Latin Letter Reversed Half H" (PDF).
External links
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